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A small amount of concentrated sample is placed on the starting line of a chromatography paper. The chromatography paper is placed inside a beaker containing a solvent. The solvent level should be below the starting line.
As the solvent moves up the paper, it separates the sample into its respective components.
The chromatography paper is removed before the solvent reaches the edge of the other end of the paper.
Rf = Distance travelled by sample / Distance travelled by solvent
Downward delivery: chlorine gas, carbon dioxide gas, sulfur dioxide gas
Upward delivery: hydrogen gas, ammonia gas
Displacement of water: hydrogen gas, carbon dioxide gas
The source of sulfur dioxide comes from burning of fossil fuels, and volcanic activity.
Sulfur dioxide can dissolve in rain water high up in the atmosphere, forming acid rain.
Acid rain speeds up the corrosion of buildings and structures made of limestone or reactive metals, like steel.
Acid rain makes water too acidic, which can be harmful to aquatic organisms.
Acid rain removes essential metal ions needed by plants, such as calcium, potassium, magnesium ions from the soil, affecting the health of plants.
Melting of ice in the polar ice caps, mountain glaciers, resulting in the rise in sea level, resulting in flooding of low lying regions.
Increase in average global temperatures
Climate change, resulting in an increase in extreme weather conditions, like heat waves and droughts
The ozone layer filters out some of the harmful UV radiation from the sun, reducing the amount of harmful UV rays reaching the Earth’s surface.
The harmful UV radiation can cause skin cancer, genetic mutations, eye damage, and is harmful to marine life.
Potassium, (most reactive)
Sodium,
Calcium,
Magnesium,
Aluminium,
(Carbon),
Zinc,
Iron,
Tin,
Lead,
(Hydrogen),
Copper,
Silver,
Gold,
Platinium (least reactive)
Use this mnemonic to help u remember.
” Please Stop Calling Me A Cute Zebra In The Lion Hunting Class Sensitive Giant Panda.”
Temperature of 450 deg C,
Pressure of 250 atm,
Presence of finely divided iron catalyst